THE ACADEMIC WORD LIST (P - W) panel n. separate, usu rectangular, part of the surface of a door, wall, ceiling, etc, usu raised above or sunk below the surrounding area paradigm n. set of all the different forms of a word paragraph n. distinct section of a written or printed text, usu consisting of several sentences dealing with a single theme and starting on a new line parallel adj. (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point parameter n. quantity that does not vary in a particular case but does vary in other cases participate v. ~ take part or become involved (in an activity) partner n. person who takes part in an activity with another or others, esp one of several owners of a business passive adj. not active; submissive perceive v. become aware of (sb/sth); notice; observe percent period n. length or portion of time persist v. ~ continue to do sth, esp in an obstinate and determined way and in spite of opposition, argument or failure perspective n. art of drawing solid objects on a flat surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth and position in relation to each other phase n. stage in a process of change or development phenomenon n. fact or occurrence, esp in nature or society, that can be perceived by the senses philosophy n. search for knowledge and understanding of the nature and meaning of the universe and of human life physical adj. of or concerning material things plus prep with the addition of policy n. ~ plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, political party, business, etc portion n. part or share into which sth is divided pose v. ~ (for sb) sit or stand in a particular position in order to be painted, drawn or photographed positive adj. with no possibility of doubt; clear and definite potential adj. that can or may come into existence; possible practitioner n. person who practises a skill or an art precede v. come or go before in time, order, rank, etc precise adj. stated clearly andaccurately predict v. say in advance that will happen; forecast predominant adj. having more power or influence than others preliminary adj. ~ coming before a more important action or event; preparatory presume v. suppose to be true; take (sth) for granted previous adj. coming before in time or order primary adj. earliest in time or order of development prime adj. most important; chief; fundamental principal adj. first in rank or importance; chief; main principle n. basic general truth that underlies sth prior adj. coming before in time, order or importance priority n. ~ (state of) being more important (in rank) proceed v. ~ (to sth) go to a further or the next stage; go on process n. series of actions or operations performed in order to do, make or achieve sth professional adj. of or belonging to a profession prohibit v. ~ sth/sb (from doing sth) forbid sth or sb from doing sth esp by laws, rules or regulations project n. scheme or undertaking promote to contribute to the growth or prosperity of:FURTHER proportion n. comparative part or share of a whole; fraction prospect n. (dated ) wide view of a landscape, etc protocol n. system of rules governing formal occasions, eg meetings between governments, diplomats, etc; official etiquette psychology n. science or study of the mind and how it functions publication n. action of making a book or periodical, available to the public publish v. prepare, have printed and distribute to the public (a book, periodical, etc) purchase n. (action of) buying sth pursue v. follow (sb/sth), esp in order to catch or kill; chase , qualitative adj. of or concerned with quality quote v. ~ (from sb/sth) repeat in speech or writing (words previously said or written by another person) radical adj. of or from the root or base; fundamental random adj. done, chosen, etc without method or conscious choice; haphazard range n. connected line or row of mountains, hills, etc ratio n. relation between two amounts determined by the number of times one contains the other rational adj. able to reason react v. ~ behave differently or change as a result of sth; respond recover v. ~ sth find again (sth stolen, lost, etc); regain possession of sth refine v. remove impurities from (sth); purify regime n. method or system of government region n. part of a surface or bodyor space with or without definite boundaries or characteristicfeatures register n. official list or record of names, items, attendances, etc regulate v. control or direct by means of rules and restrictions reinforce v. make stronger by adding material, etc reject v. refuse to accept relax v. (make sth) become less tight, stiff, etc release v. ~ sb/sth (from sth) allow (a person or an animal) to go; set free or liberate sb/sth ; relevant adj. ~ (to sth/sb)connected with what is being discussed, what is happening,what is being done, etc reluctance Unwillingness. rely v. (pt, pp relied) ~ on/upon sb/sth (to do sth) count or depend on sb/sth remove v. ~ sth/sb (from sth) take sth/sb away from one place to another require v. depend on (sb/sth) for success, fulfilment, etc; need research n. ~ (on sb) careful study or investigation, esp in order to discover new facts or information reside v. ~ (in/at...) have one's home (in a certain place); live resolve v. ~ on/upon/against sth/doing sth decide firmly; determine resource n. supply of raw materials, etc which bring a country, person, etc wealth respond v. ~ (with sth) give a verbal or written answer restore v. ~ sth (fml ) give back (sth lost, etc) to its owner restrain v. ~ sb/sthhold back sb/sth from movementor action; keep sb/sth under control or in check restrict v. ~ sb/sth (to sth) put a limit on sb/sth retain v. keep (sth) in one's possession or use reveal v. ~ sth make (facts, etc) known revenue n. income, esp the total annual income of the State from taxes, etc reverse adj. ~ contrary or opposite to what is expected revise v. re-examine (sth), esp in order to correct or improve it revolution n. overthrow of a system of government, esp by force rigid adj. stiff; not bending or yielding role n. actor's part in a play route n. way taken or planned to get from one place to another scenario n. written outline of a film, play, etc with details of the scenes and plot schedule n. programme of work to be done or of planned events scheme n. ~ plan for doing or organizing sth scope n. ~ opportunity to do or achieve sth section n. any of the parts into which sth may be or has been divided sector n. part of a circle lying between two straight lines drawn from the centre to the circumference . secure adj. ~ not feeling worry, doubt, etc seek v. ~ (after/for sth) look (for sth); try to find or obtain (sth) select v. ~ sb/sth choose sb/sth, esp as being the best or most suitable sequence n. set of events, numbers, actions, etc with each following the one before continuously or in a particular order series n. number of things, events, etc of a similar kind, esp. placed or occurring one after another sex n. condition of being male or female; gender shift v. ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (from.../to...); ~ (sth/sb/oneself) (about/around) (cause sth/sb/oneself to) change or move from one position or direction to another [/] significant adj. having a meaning, esp one that is immediately obvious similar adj. ~ resembling sb/sth but not the same; alike simulate v. pretend to have or feel site n. place where a building, town, etc was, is, or will be situated so-called adj. (used to suggest that the words used to describe sb/sth are not appropriate ) sole n. flat sea-fish that is eaten as food somewhat indef adv to some degree; rather source n. starting-point of a river specific adj. detailed, precise and exact specify v. (esp fml ) state or name clearly and definitely (details, materials, etc) sphere n. solid figure that is entirely round (ie with every point on the surface at an equal distance from the centre) stable adj. firmly established or fixed; not likely to move or change statistic n. item of information expressed in numbers status n. person's social, legal or professional position or rank in relation to others straightforward adj. honest and frank, without evasion strategy n. planning and directing an operation in a war or campaign stress n. mental or physical distress, difficult circumstances, etc structure n. way in which sth is put together, organized, built, etc style n. manner of writing or speaking, esp contrasted with what is actually written or said submit v. ~ (to sb/sth) accept the control, superior strength, etc (of sb/sth); yield (to sb/sth) ; , subordinate adj. ~ (to sb) lower in rank or position subsequent adj. later; following subsidy n. money paid, esp by a government, to help an industry, to support the arts, to keep prices down, etc substitute n. ~ person or thing that replaces, acts for or serves as sb or sth else successor n. ~ person or thing that comes after and takes the place of (sb/sth) sufficient adj. ~ enough sum n. arithmetical calculation summary n. brief statement of themain points of sth supplement n. ~ thing added to sth else to improve or complete it survey v. look carefully at all of (sth/sb), esp from a distance survive v. ~ ~ (on sth) continue to live or exist suspend v. ~ sth (fml ) hang sth up sustain v. bear (weight) without breaking or falling symbol n. ~ image, object, etc that suggests or refers to sth else; emblem tape n. narrow strip of material used for tying, fastening or labelling things target n. object or mark that a person tries to hit in shooting, etc; disc marked with concentric circles for this purpose in archery ; . task n. piece of work that has to be done team n. group of players forming one side in certain games and sports technical adj. of or involving the mechanical arts and applied sciences technique n. method of doing or performing sth, esp in the arts or sciences technology n. scientificstudy and use of mechanical arts and applied sciences, eg engineering temporary adj. lasting or meant to last for a limited time only; notpermanent tense adj. stretched tightly; taut ; terminate v. come to an end or bring (sth) to an end text n. main written or printed part of a book or page theme n. subject of a talk, a piece of writing or a person's thoughts; topic theory n. set of reasoned ideas intended to explain facts or events thereby adv. by that means thesis n. statement or theory put forward and supported by arguments topic n. subject of a discussion, talk, programme, written work, etc trace n. mark, track, sign, etc showing what has existed or happened tradition n. passing of beliefs or customs from one generation to the next, esp without writing transfer v. ~ sth/sb (from...) (to...) move sth/sb from one place to another transform v. ~ sth/sb (into sth) completely change the appearance or character of sth/sb transit n. process of going or being taken or transported from one place to another transmit To send trough or across. transport v. ~ sth/sb (to...) take sth/sb from one place to another in a vehicle trend n. general tendency or direction trigger n. lever that releases a spring, esp so as to fire a gun ultimate adj. beyond which no other exists or is possible; last or final undergo v. experience or endure (sth unpleasant or painful) underlie v. lie or exist beneath (sth) undertake v. (fml ) (start to) make oneself responsible for (sth) uniform adj. not changing in form or character; unvarying unify v. form (sth) into a single unit or make uniform unique adj. being the only one of its type utilise vt. (=utilize) to put to use, especially to find a profitable or practical use for valid adj. legally effective because made or done with the correct formalities vary v. ~ (in sth) be different in size, volume, strength, etc vehicle n. conveyance such as a car, lorry or cart used for transporting goods or passengers on land version n. account of an event, etc from the point of view of one person via prep by way of (sth); through violate v. break or be contrary to virtual adj. being or acting as what is described, but not accepted as such in name or officially visible adj. ~ that can be seen; in sight vision n. power of seeing; sight visual adj. concerned with or used in seeing volume n. book, esp one of a matching set or a series voluntary adj. acting,done or given willingly welfare n. good health, happiness, prosperity, etc of a person or group whereas conj taking into consideration the fact that ... whereby rel adv by which widespread extending over a wide area | ||